A low latitude paleoclimate perspective on Atlantic multidecadal variability

In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Traces of environmental conditions found in natural archives can serve as proxies for direct climate measurements to extend our knowledge of past climate variability beyond the relatively short instrumental record. Such paleoclimate proxies have demonstrated significant multidecadal climate variability in the Atlantic sector since at least the mid-1700s. However, Atlantic multidecadal climate variability is primarily defined by fluctuations in sea surface temperature (SST) and the proxy evidence comes from a variety of sources, many of which are terrestrial and are not directly recording sea surface temperature. Further analysis into the causes and consequences of Atlantic multidecadal climate variability requires development of a spatial network of decadal resolution proxy SST records with both low and high latitude contributions. An initial attempt at a low latitude Atlantic SST reconstruction found only 4 sites with ≤5 year resolution data, demonstrating the paucity of appropriate data available. The 4-site average correlated significantly with instrumental average SST and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). The full record, 1360–2000 C.E., and a shortened version 1460–1850 C.E., had significant multidecadal variability centered at a 60-year period. Comparing our reconstruction with reconstructions of SST anomalies in the North Atlantic shows that there is no consensus yet on the history of Atlantic multidecadal variability. Multidecadal-scale sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the North Atlantic, often called the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation or AMO, after the editorial article by Kerr (2000), are a subject of great research interest. The AMO has been connected to physical processes such as African rainfall (Folland et al., 1986), Atlantic sector hurricane frequency (Goldenberg et al., 2001), and precipitation in North America (Enfield et al., 2001), as well as ecological processes such as lower trophic-level productivity and fish migration patterns (Lehodey et al., 2006; Nye et al., 2014-in this issue). The widely used AMO index by Enfield et al. (2001) defines the phenomenon as a detrended SST anomaly in the North Atlantic but a rotated EOF analysis of global SST variability shows a horseshoe pattern of correlation over a broad region of the North Atlantic (Goldenberg et al., …